Notes:
K9 development began as an upgrade program for their K-55s (versions of
the US M-109A2) to bring them up to the M-109A6’s level, in the early 1990s.
The K9 program outgrew this effort quickly, becoming it’s own weapons
system in earnest. The K9 became
operational in 1999, and remains the South Koreans’ top mobile artillery
solution. The South Koreans have
since been working on an ammunition supply vehicle, the K10, and the K9 is also
produced in an export version for Turkey, the T-155. The K9 is also a contender
in the final phases of the search for a replacement for Australia’s SP artillery
system. The K9 was involved in the Bombardment of Yeonpyeong during the 2010
border incident. Some 300 are in service with the ROK Army.
Design work began as far back as 1989, but field testing did not begin
until 1998, and service use did not begin until 1999.
In addition, a 10 test versions, known as the K9 Vajra-T, have been sold
to India for field testing, and the Finnish use a version called the K9FIN
Moukari (Sledgehammer). The Indians
have indicated that the Vajra-T exceeds their requirements and may, after
decades of design and trial or foreign designs, may be the final winner of the
Indian SP artillery competition. Estona has ordered 12 K9s, with deliveries to
commence in 2020. The Norwegians are buying 34 K9s, with an option for 24 more,
with delivers to start in 2019. The Egyptians have been testing the K9 since
2018, though no firm sales offers have yet been tendered. The Australians are
seriously considering the K9, as it meets all the requirements for their Land I7
Artillery Replacement Program. Azerbaijan has expressed interest in the K9.
Finally, the Polish Krab uses the chassis of the K9.
The K9 is an
advanced self-propelled howitzer, similar in concept and performance to SP
howitzers such as the US M-109A6 Paladin, German PZH-2000, and Israeli Slammer.
The K9 features a 52-caliber length gun with a large multibaffle muzzle
brake and a fume extractor and heavy hydropneumatic recoil recuperators. The K9
has GPS, fire control computers, a land navigation system, inertial navigation
and GPS, and automatic fire solution input from FIST vehicles.
If necessary, the K9’s computers are sufficient to figure their own fire
solutions given data from a FIST. The K9 can begin to fire within 3 phases of a
halt and begin to lay fire without the aid of an FDC if the target's location is
known. With the help of fire input
from a FIST vehicle or FDC, the K9 may fire immediately after a halt.
By use of an automatic rammer, the K9 may decrease reload time to 1 for
one minute every ten minutes. Like
most advanced artillery pieces, it is capable of MRSI fire missions and of
limited direct-fire combat. The gun
is capable for firing for an hour solid before gun deformation occurs and the
gun must be cleaned out, The gun is a beefy multibaffle muzzle brake and a fume
extractor. The K9’s gun is able to launch all Western and Chinese 155mm rounds,
including exotic rounds like Copperhead and other CLGP rounds.
(It could probably fire newer rounds, but hasn’t tested with such.) Burst
fire of 5 rounds in one minute are capable, though the sustained rate of fire is
2 rounds per minute. Sustained
rates of fire of six rounds per minute are possible for 20 minutes, aster which
the gun crew (except the commander), will have sustained one level of fatigue.
The gun’s travel lock is electrically-actuated from the gunner’s
position. Under normal circumstances, the K9 is ready to fire 30 seconds after a
halt and can secure from firing position and move out within 60 seconds. The K9
carries a conveyor belt externally allowing the transfer of 12 rounds, fuzes, or
charges at the rate of 12 rounds per minute from ammunition supply trucks or a
ground pile.
The K9 has a
marked resemblance to the M-109A6, though the bustle racks on the rear of the
turret are armored and have an AV of 3.
The K9 has decent armor protection for its type of vehicle, and has
automatic targeting laser detection, which automatically launches smoke grenade
s in the direction of the targeting radar; these smoke grenades also burn in IR
and UV bands. There are medium-sized doors on the right side of the turret to
load equipment and ammunition if necessary; however, primarily reloading is
supposed to be done using the K10 Ammunition Resupply Vehicle., which mates
directly with the open rear turret doors of the K9’s turret. The K9 has its own
10kW APU.
The K9 is
powered by a German MTU MT 881 Ka-500 diesel engine, produced under license from
Germany, and developing 800 horsepower.
The transmission is an adaptation of that found on the US M-1A1 tank.
The suspension is hydropneumatic. The commander and primary loader have
hatches on the roof; the commander has a manually-rotating cupola with a weapons
mount, while the loader does not have a cupola, though he has vision blocks
facing forward and to the right side.
Though it is not standard, his position is often seen with lock-down
points for a medium machinegun on a tripod. The driver is in the front left,
opposite the engine/power pack. The driver has three wide-angle vision blocks to
the front and angles to the sides, and he has an interface and map LCD screen at
his position, which also allow him to navigate via waypoints.
The commander uses the gunner’s sights via an elbow telescope, while the
gunner has a full complement of sights, including three telescopic sights that
may work with the night sights. The
commander does have his own image intensifier, on a channel to one of his vision
blocks, as well as a panoramic sight, and he can aim and fire his gun from under
cover. He also has the MAPS system,
similar to the US Blue Force/Red Force Tracker system. The crew is protected by
an NBC Overpressure system, with a vehicular NBC backup. The K9 has an air
conditioner and heater. Powerful hydropneumatic shock absorbers are present on
the two rear roadwheels, Ammunition
resupply is done through a hole in the rear face, or via a hatch on either side
of the turret.
K9A1
Also known as
the K9 PIP, the K-9A1 has a new gunner’s sight with improved night vision and
day vision suite. The vehicle also has a rear surveillance camera similar to
that of the K1E1 tanks, and a backup camera for the driver. Finally, fire
control computers and software have been improved.
It has a fully-automatic
autoloader, with associated magazines. A 16kW APU has been added for operations
when the engine is off; in a pinch, this APU is powerful enough to power another
vehicle or command post whose power-generation mechanisms have been damaged.
XK9A2
The XK9A2
(designation assigned by myself, and is provisional) is a version of the K9A1
with an unmanned turret with a fully automatic autoloader which loads
projectiles and charges (the fuzes are already affixed at the time the magazines
are loaded). The fuzes get their
settings via a radio link with the gunner’s fire control computer.
The commander, gunner, and driver sit in the front of the vehicle, with
the driver on the right and commander on the left, with the gunner between them.
They have all access to the same equipment on the K9 and K9A1, via a
hard-wired link to the fire control system.
The commander controls a CROWS-type system atop the turret, which may be
aimed and fired from the commander’s position, though he must reload it by
climbing through a short tunnel to the turret. For that matter, the gunner also
has a tunnel to access the turret if necessary, and the commander and gunner may
also fight from the turret. Behind
the crewmembers in a space for personal gear and other essential gear. The Xk9A2
is powered by the same engine as the Turkish T-155 is powered, and has the same
driver’s controls.
T-155 Firtina
The T-155
Firtina (Storm) is a variant of the K9A1 produced for Turkey.
The first few were imported whole and in knock-down kits from South
Korea, while the rest will be license-produced in Turkey. The Turks expect to
have 255 in force by 2020, when production will cease. The T-155 Firtina has
several differences from the K9; perhaps the greatest is the lack of the
commander’s panoramic sight. The T-155 is powered by a German MTU 881 Ka-500
engine, a derivative of the K9’s engine, which develops 1000 horsepower. The
turret design is modified to fit Turkish fire control equipment, their
autoloader, and computers and radios, as well as to suit Turkish manufacturing
methods. The T-155 also has slightly-increased armor.
Twilight 2000
Notes: These vehicles do not exist in the Twilight 2000 timeline.
Vehicle |
Price |
Fuel Type |
Load |
Veh Wt |
Crew |
Mnt |
Night Vision |
Radiological |
K9 Thunder |
$1,333,465 |
D, A |
505 kg |
46.3 tons |
5 |
24 |
Passive IR (D, G), Image Intensification (G, C) |
Shielded |
K9A1 Thunder |
$1,518,235 |
D, A |
497 kg |
47 tons |
5 |
25 |
Passive IR (D, G), 2nd Gen Image Intensification (G, C),
Backup Camera (D), Rear CCD Day/Night Camera (D, G, C) |
Shielded |
XK9A2 Thunder |
$1,662,881 |
D, A |
526 kg |
44.65 tons |
3 |
25 |
Passive IR (D, G), 2nd Gen Image Intensification (G, C), FLIR
(G, C), Backup Camera (D), Rear CCD Day/Night Camera (D, G, C) |
Shielded |
T-155 Firtina |
$1,660,656 |
D, A |
505 kg |
46.5 tons |
5 |
24 |
Passive IR (D, G), Image Intensification (G) |
Shielded |
Vehicle |
Tr Mov |
Com Mov |
Fuel Cap |
Fuel Cons |
Config |
Susp |
Armor |
K9 Thunder |
127/89 |
35/25 |
850 |
296 |
Trtd |
T4 |
TF11Sp TS8Sp
TR8 HF14Sp
HS6Sp HR4 |
K9A1 Thunder |
126/88 |
35/25 |
850 |
298 |
Trtd |
T4 |
TF11Sp TS8Sp
TR8 HF14Sp
HS6Sp HR4 |
XK9A2 Thunder |
181/127 |
36/25 |
850 |
327 |
Trtd |
T4 |
TF13Sp TS10Sp
TR9 HF15Sp
HS7Sp HR4 |
T-155 Firtina |
174/122 |
35/24 |
850 |
340 |
Trtd |
T4 |
TF12Sp TS9Sp
TR8 HF15Sp
HS7Sp HR4 |
Vehicle |
Fire Control |
Stabilization |
Armament |
Ammunition |
K9 Thunder/T-155 |
+2 |
Fair |
155mm L/52 Howitzer, K6 (C), M60 (L) |
48x155mm, 1000x.50, 1000x7.62mm |
XK9A2 Thunder |
+3 |
Fair |
155mm L/52 Howitzer, K6 (CROWS), Mk19 (CROWS) |
48x155mm, 2000x.50, 200x40mm |